namchangkorpa

1) HOW TO INSTALL RHN directly from ISO ( JAN 2005 DVD )
Copy all the ISO in a folder.. ( CANNOT BE A NTFS file system.. Should be a FAT32 System )
Use a RW and burn the rescued CD ISO into it
For Floppy ppl, you will have to make a bootable floopy
Boot from it and then type " linux askmethod"
Then choose "From Hard Disk" and then give the path..
Rest is same

If you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when
someone logs in or out of your system.


2) HOW TO RESET UR ROOT PASSWORD IF U FORGET IT

Code:
While Booting ( Redhat ) just press "e" in GRUB
u will find 3 lines of code..
Goto to the 2nd line press "e"again and type "1" in the end
then press ENTER..
Then press "b" and it will boot you into your shell..
Just type "passwd" and change ur ROOT password...
dont need to know the old one..

To break the GRUB start-up password, follow the steps given below:

1. Boot the system with the first Linux CD. At the boot prompt, type linux rescue to switch to rescue mode. In rescue mode you will be asked if similar steps should be followed, which need to be followed in the installation. Once you get the # prompt, type the following command:

# chmod /mnt/sysImage

2. Edit the grub.conf file and remove the passwd line from the file. Save the file and exit.

3. Once your machine reboots, you will be able to start your Linux OS in the usual manner.

Source Digit, June 2004


"I, uh, forgot the root password"



Let's look at recovering the root password from the boot loader. If you're using GRUB, then, as GRUB loads up, highlight the Red Hat Linux entry on the GRUB menu and then press [E] to edit the boot configuration. Locate the following line, something that looks like this:



kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-0.70 root=LABEL=/hdc=ide-scsi



Type the number '1' at the end. Doing so boots the PC into run level 1-single user mode, where you're automatically logged in as root. This done, type 'passwd' at the prompt. You can enter a new password here.

how to reinstall your gnu boot loader in that case.

Boot into the rescue mode using install CD1 by typing "linux rescue" at the boot prompt. When it asks you if you want it to find your installation and mount it, let it by selecting "Continue". Once you get to the sh prompt chroot into you installation with:

# chroot /mnt/sysimage

If the disk you boot from is /dev/hda then you should be able to reinstall grub with:

# grub-install /dev/hda

Just remember to exit the chroot'ed shell before you reboot. If you reboot by "Ctrl-Alt-Del" the installer will unmount your partitions. Although it probably wouldn't hurt to try to unmount as many as you can yourself with something like:

# umount /dev/hd?[1-9]*

-----
Restoring LILO
Here is the process :::::

you just need to reinstall LILO. That means you have to boot into Linux some other way. Use the First CD of ur distro and go to repair option. At the command prompt just type /sbin/lilo. You should get a response that looks like this:

Added linux *
Added win

The asterisk (*) indicates the default boot image. (If you see anything other than this, something went wrong. Go back through your lilo.conf and read the man page to see what it was.) When you reboot, LILO will be back where it belongs!


If you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in
kilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your
environment to 'K'. You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for
Gigabytes. If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size
then use 'df -h'.

Over quota? "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your
directory sizes.
________________

Internet sharing using IPTABLES
Scenario : There are two pcs. one is connected directly to internet and you wish to have another one too.
You can use Squid - Proxy for that. But there is another smart way to do the same. yes use, IPTABLES !

here is how.....

You need to have "rOOt access.

1) edit the file:
/etc/sysctl.config
add a 1 to the ip_forward like so:

net/ipv4/ip_forward = 1

save and close file.

2) at the prompt type:

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

Then at the prompt again type:

/etc/init.d/iptables save
or
service iptables save

Restart the network services, like so:

/etc/init.d/network restart
or
service network restart

All this is done on the firewall machine.

The eth0 is the network interface pointing to the Internet not your local network

This will let all pc on the local net to get online and the main pc will masquerade the internal IP address to look like the request is comming from the firewall pc.

DEfault Desktop Envirinment Switcher
What will be your default desktop when you boot next time.

Open the terminal and firein
Code:
switchdesk GNOME
or
Code:
switchdesk KDE

Or you can manually edit the following file and put your prefered environment
Code:

vi /etc/sysconfig/desktop
and put
DESKTOP="KDE/GNOME"

Now Try this for a true cool effect
Eterm -g 60x10+10-10 -O -x --no-cursor -w 0 --scrollbar 0 --buttonbar 0 -e tail -f /var/log/messages &


Know your Distribution Release Information
To know about your Redhat/Fedora info:

Code:

cat /etc/redhat-release

To know about your Debian info:

Code:

cat /etc/debian_version

To know about your SUSE info:

Code:

cat /etc/SUSE-release

Aliases

You can use shell for convenience, for example to set alternate names for certain commands, or to replace one command with another, like

alias more="less"

This will use the more featured "less" command in place of "more".

Note :- An alias set in this manner is temporary, and only holds for that shell session. To permanently set an alias, add it to an initialisation script in your distro (like ~/.bashrc).

Removing the fat

Linux can be run on a variety of old systems, but many new distro's are bloated up, and include loads of unneccessary stuff, which make them painfully slow to use.

Two excellent articles on reducing the bloat -

http://users.netwit.net.au/~pursang/lofat.html
http://users.netwit.net.au/~pursang/lofat2.html


Using loadlin to boot into an installation image from your hard drive

You can install a linux distro directly from its installation image, incase you don't have a CD Writer.

If you have windows 9x or DOS installed (a DOS bootable floppy will do), you can use a tool called loadlin for this purpose.

I will take the example of slackware here ...

Download the slackware installation cd.

Create a directory called slackware or something in your DOS partition. View the image with any CD image viewer, and open the file loadlin16c.zip in the "kernels" directory (incase your distro doesn't ship with loadlin, you can download loadlin 1.6c from here), copy the file loadlin.exe to your directory. Also copy the following to that directory -

kernels/bare.i/bzImage
isolinux/initrd.img

Note - incase you need a feature present on a kernel other than bare.i, use that instead (ex - jfs.i if you want to use the jfs filesystem)

Boot into pure DOS mode and cd to the directory you created and type the following -

loadlin bzImage root=/dev/ram rw initrd=initrd.img

Your installation should continue as normal. Mount your dos partition in linux, and then mount the ISO linux in any directory ... say /source by the following command -

mount -o loop filename-with-full-path /source

Now, begin the installation as usual by typing "setup", and then when it asks you for the source of the installation files, just enter "/source/slackware".

Everything should be normal from here

source

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

Keeping track of packages installed from source

Installing software from its source code is the optimal way of installing software in linux. Unfortunately, uninstalling these softwares can be a bit of trouble, as you have to go hunting through /usr/local/ for all the files created during the "make install" procedure.

Quote:When make install is done, CheckInstall will create a Slackware, RPM or Debian compatible package and install it with Slackware's installpkg, "rpm -i" or Debian's "dpkg -i" as appropriate, so you can view it's contents with pkgtool ("rpm -ql" for RPM users or "dpkg -l" for Debian) or remove it with removepkg ("rpm -e"|"dpkg -r"). Aditionally, this script will leave you a copy of the installed package in the source directory so you can install it wherever you want.

So, compiling a software once will give you a package that you can install/uninstall at will, and you don't need to compile the program all over again when you reformat

Mounting your windows partitions with specific permissions

I guess you know how to auto mount your windows partitions in linux. If not, then you can do it by adding a line like


Quote:
/dev/hda1 /mnt/dos/d vfat defaults 0 0


to your /etc/fstab file. See the "Fedora Core 3 FAQ" for more details (it applies to any distro).

But by default, your FAT partitions are mounted with permissions such that only root can access them, and not normal users. You can get around this by using "umask".

For example, replace "defaults" in the given line with "umask=022" such that the root user has write access to all files in that partition, and everyone else can only read the files.

Read up on linux file system permissions (man chmod & man umask) to experiment with the permissions to get them to your liking

Taking screenshots using simple command line tools

Sure, its simple to use The Gimp or KSnapshot to take linux screenshots, but many a time one may not want to use these heavy and cumbersome tools for a simple thing.

Make sure you have ImageMagick installed (its a versatile console based image manipulation toolset), else get it from http://www.imagemagick.org/

Now, you can use the command

Quote:import -window root screen.jpg


You can also specify a single windows of which to capture an image (root captures whole screen)

To view the image, type

Quote:
display screen.jpg


Timed screenshots

Now for the fun part, we shall use the sleep command to get the screenshot after a small delay, so that we can arrange the screen the way we like

Quote:sleep 5 ; import -window root screen2.jpg


This statement will first execute "sleep", so it will go idle for 5 seconds, in which you can do what you like, and then execute "import" to capture your screen.

Also, Captura is a simple tool to get screenshots, and it is vert easy to use

http://www.hernansoft.com/downloads_en.html

Booting Linux with NTOS boot loader
For all those who do not want to install both windows and linux but do not want to overwrite their windows MBR.

This trick can help a bit provided you have windows 2k or XP

When installing linux, choose to install boot loader on the root partition or /boot partition(if any).

When you boot into linux mount your windows C drive to some directory e.g. /mnt/C

Launch a terminal, su to root, change to the directory where C drive is mounted.

Type this command.

dd if=/dev/<drive where boot loader is istalled> of=bootsect.lnx bs=512 count=1

e.g.

dd if=/dev/hda3 of=bootsect.lnx bs=512 count=1

Then come back to windows.

Add this line to boot.ini file

C:\BOOTSECT.LNX="<Your distribution name>"

To clear history in the bash shell type
Code:
[root@localhost root] $ history -c

Some ways to search for files -

1. Locate

A database of all files present in your system is maintained in a GNU/Linux system, this makes it easy to locate a file when you need it.

Code:
locate filename

However, this will show only those files which were present on your system the last the database was updated, to update the database, run as root -

Code:
updatedb

2. Find

find will search an area of the filesystem for a file you need. It is slower, but its a surer way to get your files.

Code:
find /directory/to/search -name filename

The basics of vi

vi is a very handy text editor, and many a times it is all one has to edit a file from console. Knowing its basics can be helpful.

By default when you start vi (vi <filename>), you are in "command" mode, and you can't write something yet. Hit [i] to enter insert mode, and <ESC> to exit from it. In command mode, <x> will delete a charactor and <dd> will delete a line. Hit ':' (shift + ';' key) to get a prompt, from where you can type 'w' to save, 'q' to quit, 'wq' to save, 'q!' to quit without saving.

There are full books on vi, but this is just a very basic intro to just explain what is needed to edit files with it.

Navigating quickly in bash

1) Press CTRL - L to clear your screen immediately (better than entering "clear" command everytime)

2) Press CTRL - K to cut the characters from the cursor till the end of a line

3) Press CTRL - U to cut the characters from the cursor till the starting of a line

4) Press CTRL - Y to paste the characters that you have cut just now.

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

1.) To access FAT partitions in Red hat linux:

Open /etc/fstab file and append following lines:

Quote:/dev/hda1 /mnt/C vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda5 /mnt/D vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda6 /mnt/E vfat defaults 0 0


NOTE: Here hda1 denotes C: drive, hda5 denotes D: drive, similarly hda6 for E: drive and so on...
C, D and E are the directories name, which u hv to create in /mnt directory, it can be any names.
Remember to add an extra line at end of this file!

2.) To enable / disable services to be start at system startup:

In Console, type Setup.

3.) To configure GRUB loader:

U can edit /etc/grub.conf file to change settings of GRUB loader.

4.) To enable 32-bit I/O of Hard Disk:

In console, type hdparm -c1 /dev/hda

5.) To enable DMA of Hard Disk:

In console, type hdparm -d1 /dev/hda

6.) To see messages that r displayed at boot time:

In console, type dmesg

7.) To crate Rescue Disk:

In console, type mkbootdisk <kernel_version>

8.) To set <ctrl>+<alt>+<del> working in Linux:

Open /etc/inittab file and append following line:

Quote:ca:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3-r now


9.) To change SPLASH screen of KDE:

Goto: /usr/share/apps/ksplash/pics directory, here u'll find some PNG files, u can edit them for ur desired result.

10.) To change SPLASH screen of GNOME:

Goto: /usr/share/pixmaps/splash directory, here u'll find some image files, u can edit them for ur desired result.

11.) Location of Login screen of GNOME:

Goto: /usr/share/gdm/themes directory, here u'll find Directories, which contain different Login screens images, that u can set into Control Panel. Here u can also add ur cutom Login screen or can edit existing!

12.) To reinstall GRUB Loader:

Boot using Linux Setup CD, and type Linux Rescue at terminal, then after some steps u'll enter into console, here first type:
/mnt/sysimage, and then type:
grub-install /dev/hda
Now u can exit from console...

For gnome esd sound problems

Code:
$gconftool-2 --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/sound/enable_esd false
opening nautilus always as browser by
Code:
prakash@debian:~$ gconf-editor
in gconf GUI browse to apps>nautilus>preferences>tick 'always_use_browser' .


For protecting against local root hack
[if you share your computer physically], following maybe useful [only for grub boot loaders]:
1. Make access to grub at boot prompt password protected. To do this -
a. login as root {su}
b. get grub shell {/sbin/grub}
c. grub> md5crypt
password: *******
Ecnrypted: #$%#$fewfwer34534^%$^%
grub> quit
d. Copy the encrypted string and put it into /etc/grub.conf as:
#====>
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
password --md5 #$%#$fewfwer34534^%$^%
title Red Hat Linux
#<=====
i.e. between Splash and Title.
e. Now your boot loader grub is password protected.

2. For further blocking of root access in single user mode, following can be additionally implemented. But a word of caution, this needs the root password to be remembered. It's a must. I think, even if someone removes hard-disk, it will not allow root access. I have not tried using boot-CD, if this can be bypassed. If someone tries, please post and let all know. Anyways, the method is as:
a. Login as root {su}
b. Include following line in /etc/inittab :
~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
You can try tip [2.] even without enabling grub password protection. After above change, the system will always ask for root-password before login, even in single user mode. If not provided [Ctrl-D] it would simply enter multi-user graphical mode [run-level 5] or other default mode/run-level.


Fonts on GDM login screen are too small

This happens to be a problem in many distros especially Debian and Ubuntu.
First need to get correct dpi (Dots per inch). for that issue:

Code:
prakash@ubuntu:~$ xdpyinfo | grep dimen
for mine it is a 15' Samtron 56V monitor:
Quote:root@ubuntu:/home/prakash/Downloads# xdpyinfo | grep dimen
dimensions: 800x600 pixels (212x159 millimeters)


get in inches:
212/10/2.54=8.346456693 =8.35
divide :
800/8.35=95.808383234 =96 dpi for mine (normally for most)

as root open any editor:
Code:
root@ubuntu:~# vi /etc/gdm/gdm.conf

go to the end of the file and get those lines starting as
"command=/usr/X11R6/bin/X....."
append the dpi to the end of the lines.
eg:
command=/usr/X11R6/bin/X -br -audit 0 -dpi 96
and as root

Code:
debian# /etc/init.d/gdm reload

thats it! fonts will be bigger


For enabling COMPLETE bash completion features in UBUNTU/DEBIAN.
(provided bash-builtin package already installed) run:
Code:
. /etc/bash_completion
in home dir.
or u can try this script in /home/***/.bashrc.(already in Ubuntu)
Code:
# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profiles
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
. /etc/bash_completion


How to Recompile and install a new kernel.
Recompiling and installing a kernel is often a fearsome experience for a linux newbie, here are easy to use (shampoo bottle) instructions for doing so.

1. Download the Linux kernel from the linux kernel website, currently Linux Kernel 2.6.12 (as of feb 2006)

http://www.kernel.org

2. Extract the .Bz2 (BZip2) archive to /usr/src/, by doing the following.
Open a terminal, if you are in graphical environment or if it's your login shell, just continue.
Remember, You must be of group wheel to su in.

$ su
(root password)

# cd /usr/src
This moves you to /usr/src directory.

# tar -xvjpf <downloaded file location>/linux*.tar.bz2
This extracts the bz2 image to the /usr/src directory. Substitute the <downloaded file location> with the location of your file.
Now, we have to update the linux symlink for your earlier kernel to our new kernel source.

# rm linux

# ln -s linux-2.6.12* linux

this -s option instructs the ln command to create a symlink instead of a hard link. Make sure that the new link points to your new kernel.
Now, cd into directory and make the kernel.

# cd linux

# make menuconfig

This fires up a n-curses based menu that performs the kernel configuration. Here, I have nothing to do. Browse each option and take your time to fully read the help associated with each option. The commands lspci and lsmod can help you identify hardware info if you have installed pciutils package. Additionally you can also view boot messages for help, using dmesg. You can either compile stuff into the kernel using brutal compilation or compile stuff as modules in a more subtle way.

A few keystrokes to help you,
[Enter] --> Activate Current Item
[Esc] --> Go backwards
[Tab] --> Toggle through the interface.
/ --> Search
? ([shift] + /) --> Help for the associated item.
With item Selected,
Y --> Compile into kernel
N --> Donot Use the Item in the kernel.
M --> Compile as Module which you can insert, remove using insmod, modprobe commands.

Sometimes it opens up a submenu there you can either walk around using Arrow keys and select the stuff or type if it's a text input box.

After doing all your work, Go to the top most hierarchy and select [Exit] and select [yes] to save your config.
After you are dropped in the terminal, do the following.

# make

# make modules_install

This creates a hot new bz kernel for you to use. Copy it to the /boot partition using the following commands.

# cp arch/i386/boot/bzimage /boot/newkernel

Now, update your boot loader for booting with the new kernel, for example create new section in /boot/grub/grub.conf or in /boot/grub/menu.lst as,

# emacs /boot/grub/grub.conf

title newkernel26
root (boot partition in boot loader lingo) // Example (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/newkernel root=/dev/hda* (your root partition)

Save and close.
Now, you can boot your new kernel from the boot time. Enjoy Linux!!


SPEEDING UP THE HARD DRIVE

This is a very popular command sequence among Linux gurus, which is not done by default on Linux distributions.

Code:
$ hdparm -c3 -d1 -u1 -k1 /dev/hda

-c3 puts the hard drive into 32 bit I/O with sync. This normally doesn't work due to inept kernel support for most IDE controllers. If you get lost interrupt or SeekComplete errors, quickly use -c0 instead of -c3 in your command.

-d1 enables DMA of course. This frees up the CPU partially during data transfers.

-u1 allows multiple interrupts to be handled during hard drive transactions. This frees up even more CPU time.

-k1 prevents Linux from resetting your settings in case of a glitch.

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

speed up disk access as well as to activate DMA mode
To test the disk,
# hdparm -tT /dev/hda

To activate safe performance options,
# hdparm -d 1 -A 1 -m 16 -u 1 -a 64 /dev/hda

To activate DMA Alone,
# hdparm -d 1 /dev/hda


DISplay splash images in grub menu


e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

* Find this section

# menu.lst - See: grub(, info grub, update-grub(
# grub-install(, grub-floppy(,
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...

* Add the following line below it

splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz


How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

* Read #General Notes

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is theWallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu

convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm

* Read #How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)

[edit]
How to temporary skip boot-up services

* Read #General Notes

Press 'Ctrl + C'

Installing local .ttf fonts for viewing webpages in FF/Mozilla for view in ur LANG
Installing .ttf fonts in Debian/Ubuntu Linux locally


$cd ~.fonts
$mkdir manorama
Copy Manorama.ttf font into this directory
then,

$ttmkfdir > fonts.dir
$ttmkfdir > fonts.scale
$mkfontscale
$mkfontdir
$xset fp+ $HOME/.fonts/manorama/
$xset fp rehash
Now do an
$fc-cache -fv
Next step is to add the fontpath to our /etc/X11/xorg.conf last of font paths
like this:
> FontPath "/home/prakash/.fonts/manorama/"
Do a
> $fc-cache -fv


Now restart X and try watching in Firefox.
There are better ways to do this especially in redhat fedora.comments are welcome.
and for all users copy ur fonts to /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ dir and do "fc-cache -fv" as su
btwn apt-get install ttmkfdir before trying.

Converting media files

1. Wav to ogg
cmd => "oggenc inputfile.wav -o outputfile.ogg"

2. ogg to wav
cmd => "ogg123 -d wav -f outputfile.wav inputfile.ogg"

3. wav to mp3
cmd => "lame IPfile.wav -o OPfile.mp3"

It requires u to install lame!
GNOME Refresh Screen button
To have a Refresh Screen in GNOME Desktop,you can add
Code:
xrefresh -white

...the code into a new launcher in gnome-panel.
or make a script executable into your nautilus-scripts folder_
For newbies of Suse10.2
You should add guru's site and packman's site to yast and kyum respectively
http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/suser-guru/rpm/10.2/
http://packman.iu-bremen.de/suse/10.2/

How
http://www.linuxquestions.org/questi...d.php?t=509097
http://www.thejemreport.com/mambo/content/view/254
Copy installation cd/dvd on hard disk and add it to yast installation source.
If already have rpms then make a directory and copy all in that directory . Add this directory to yast installation source.
Dont forget to install w32codec and libdvdcss
Now update your system and enjoy Suse fully!

In GNOME(possibly kde and other Desktop Environments too) if some window is very large and it's radio buttons are not accessable to you(not visible),You can get it in GNOME by pressing keyboard ALT key + pressing left mouse button on the software window to move it up or down to get its radio buttons or options.normally i think this problem is faced by ppl having Display resolution lesser than 1024x768.


For downloading Linux torrents you can try this site as of now it is free reg:
http://www.linuxtracker.org/

And for some people who are uninitated yet:
Quote:In the X Window System, middle-clicking by default pastes the contents of the primary buffer at the pointer's position. Many users of two-button mice emulate a three-button mouse by clicking both the right and left buttons simultaneously. Middle-clicks often provide the functionality of an extra button.
.................

On systems with three-button mice, pressing the center button (a middle click) often conveniently maps a commonly-used action or a macro. In the X Window System, middle-clicking by default pastes the contents of the primary buffer at the pointer's position. Many users of two-button mice emulate a three-button mouse by clicking both the right and left buttons simultaneously. Middle-clicks often provide the functionality of an extra button.
Most machines running Unix or a Unix-like operating system run the X Window System which almost always encourages a three-button mouse. X numbers the buttons by convention. This allows user instructions to apply to mice or pointing devices that do not use conventional button placement.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29
also u can grab a selected text from browser or editor etc to desktop to make a text document.
by selecting text from anwhere and pressing mouse left button dragging to desktop
yes drag-n-drop.

Task Manager kinda setting for Gnome

1> Open Terminal
Code:
$ gconf-editor

2> Navigate to apps>metacity>keybinding_comma nds and edit an empty key (Like I am dealing with "command_1") and set its value to gnome-system-monitor

3> Now navigate to apps>metacity>global_keybindin gs and edit the key corresponding to the keybinding_command you have edited earlier (In my case it is "run_command_1") and set its value to <Control><Alt>Delete

4> Thats it, close everything and enjoy

For tips and tricks on GNOME Desktop Environment visit:
http://gnome-hacks.org/

example hack:
Type ☰★cool★☰ Unicode ch☣r☣cters in ☃GNOME☂
Quote:Yes, you too can type cool Unicode characters in your posts, e-mail, signature,
blog, blog comments, etc, using GNOME!

1. Start Accessories/Character Map(gucharmap)
2 Locate interesting characters (see character groups such as "dingbats").
3. Select and copy
4. Paste in your application.

If there is a character you use often,
1. Note down the Unicode codepoint.
2. To type it, press
Ctrl-Shift-<unicode codepoint>

For example
Ctrl-Shift-2702 is for the scissors character (✂).

It's recommended to browse available Unicode characters from "gucharmap", or
you may also try http://www.unicode.org/charts/

http://gnome-hacks.org/hacks.html?id=76

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

To Reduce and Increase the gamma of your display
in linux use this command:

To Know about your displays current gamma status:
Code:
xgamma

To reduce
Code:
xgamma -gamma 0.60

To Increase
Code:
xgamma -gamma 0.95

To know more about xgamma:
Code:
xgamma help

networking tip
A good Tip for faster browsing for frequent visited sites.
Quote:Browser Speed
If you’re like me, much of your daily surfing involves the same sites. Linux is, for the most part, faster at reaching those sites. However, a fundamental element of the Linux OS can make your surfing slower than it might normally be.
Your browser uses the Domain Name Server (DNS) you listed in your network settings to resolve common domain names (yadda.com - no “www”) to IP addresses, the real address of a web site. However, this DNS server may be a few hops away from your location on the Internet. That means it takes a bit more time to reach the site you want to surf than it might take if, say, the IP address was listed somewhere on your machine. That’s exactly what this tweak does - adds the IP address of your most surfed sites directly a file on your machine, the /etc/hosts file.
First, open a console window, and ping your favorite site:
Code:
ping lockergnome.com
You’ll see output similar to this:
Code:
PING lockergnome.com (216.246.17.205) from 192.168.1.100 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from mdr.lockergnome.com (216.246.17.205): icmp_seq=0 ttl=240 time=64.586 msec
64 bytes from mdr.lockergnome.com (216.246.17.205): icmp_seq=1 ttl=240 time=59.460 msec
64 bytes from mdr.lockergnome.com (216.246.17.205): icmp_seq=2 ttl=240 time=59.952 msec
64 bytes from mdr.lockergnome.com (216.246.17.205): icmp_seq=3 ttl=240 time=59.920 msec
In Linux, this output will continue to print to your screen until you stop it. To do so, use [ctrl]C. Or, you can use the ping command with the -c 5 option. That will send five pings and stop. From the output, you’ll need the IP address enclosed in parentheses - in this case, 216.246.17.205.
Now, change the user in your open console screen to root and open the /etc/hosts file for editing.
Code:
su
[your root password]
vi /etc/hosts

Add a line to /etc/hosts that looks something like this:
Code:
216.246.17.205 lockergnome.com lg
Then, save the file and close.
Code:
:wq
Let’s test your tweak, then I’ll tell you what you actually accomplished. Open your browser. In the address bar type the letters lg and press [enter]. You should see the Lockergnome site in all it’s glorious green and peach - and very quickly, too.
So what did you accomplish? You circumvented the process of checking your network DNS for the IP address for Lockergnome. Your Linux system checks the /etc/hosts file first for IP information, before it looks to a network DNS. Since you added the IP address, the common domain name and an alias to the /etc/hosts file, your machine didn’t need to make those few extra queries to know where to point your browser to find Lockergnome. And, since you added and alias (lg) to the hosts entry, that’s all you’ll ever need to enter in order to access the Lockergnome site. Best of all, you can speed up access to all your most frequently visited sites with this tweak.
This whole process is scriptable, as well. I’ll create a ready-made script to add these entries to the /etc/hosts file in the next few weeks. Or, who knows? Maybe I’ll be able to include one from a reader in the GnomeVOICE.

hope it helps may be u can try loading thinkdigit faster?
Also u can use nslookup for sites if dnsutils is installed.
http://www.lockergnome.com/nexus/lin...browser-speed/

To Know about certain system information type in terminal:
Code:
uname -a
Shows all information about your linux box
Code:
uname -s
Shows the kernel name
Code:
uname -n
Shows the network node host name
Code:
uname -r
Shows the kernel release
Code:
uname -v
Shows the kernel version
Code:
uname -m
Shows the machine hardware architecture
Code:
uname -p
Shows the processor type
Code:
uname -i
Shows the hardware platform
Code:
uname -o
Shows the operating system
Code:
uname --version
Shows version information and exit

HOWTO: Install Ubuntu Linux without burning a cd

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=28948


Install and boot 145 OS's in a PC
- http://www.justlinux.com/forum/showt...hreadid=147959
Some of them are windows and DOS, too.

Quickest way to create ISO file of any CD.

type the following command in terminal after inserting CD in drive.

#cat /dev/cdrom > ISO_file_name.iso

yes u r rite this is done by "cat" command which v use daily.

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

Tutorial: How To transfer your Linux system to a new hard drive...
Quote:Materials
- Old drive (duh)
- New drive
- Linux install disc (any live cd will do, I just happened to use that as it was the first bootable Linux CD I found)
- A bit of time

Procedure
1) Hook up new drive. I used secondary master, hdc.

2) Reboot into the live CD, this saves complications of dynamic directories and such.

3) Partition the drive with cfdisk or equivalent. Make sure you set up the same partition layout as previously. I had a 20GB drive to work with, so I created 1.5gb for / (partition 1), 256mb swap (partition 2), and 18gb for server data (partition 3).
This mirrored my existing setup, the only difference being that the new partitions were much larger.

4) Time to format (reiserfs, for example):
mkreiserfs /dev/hdc1
mkswap /dev/hdc2
mkreiserfs /dev/hdc3


5) Mount the root partitions:
mkdir /mnt/old
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/old
mkdir /mnt/new
mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt/new


6) Copy the old partition onto the new one:
cp --recursive --verbose /mnt/old/bin /mnt/new/bin


7) Get a drink, take a walk, etc. This is going to take a while.

Repeat steps 5-7 as needed for other partitions. For example, to copy your /home on hda5 to hdb5:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/old/home
cp --recursive --verbose /mnt/old/home /mnt/new/home


9) Once it's finished, check out the new fstab:
vi /mnt/new/etc/fstab


10) Verify that all the partitions are still arranged how you want them set up.

11) Run lilo on the new drive to make it bootable (for Grub support, go here):
chroot /mnt/new
/sbin/lilo
exit

12) If all went well, you should be able to shut down, swap the new hard drive into the position of the old one, and boot into your much roomier new hard drive.

Source: http://www.openaddict.com/page.php?4

Internet via Mobile GPRS & Bluetooth in Opensuse 10.2 (KDE)
1.Connect ur mobile to ur PC with kbluetoothd (BT obex server) using and pair it...
2.open KONSOLE and login as root (su)
3.Type
Code:
# sdptool search DUN
if it detects any DUN services than it means that ur fone is enabled to be connected thru BT DUN..
4.Type
Code:
# hcitool scan
This ll give u the device id of ur fone...
5.now bind the Device ID of ur fone wit the rfcomm device using
Code:
# rfcomm bind 0 <Device id of ur fone> 1
6.If u get any error in the above command or u dont hav a device rfcomm0 then u need to create one by
Code:
#mknod /dev/rfcomm0 c 216 0
7.next u need to edit ur /etc/wvdial.conf file to enter ur BT modem settings
Code:
# nano -w /etc/wvdial.conf
Edit ur Wvdial and copy the following in it...
Code:
[Modem0]
Modem = /dev/rfcomm0
Baud = 230400
SetVolume = 0
DialCommand = ATDT
FlowControl = Hardware(CRTSCTS)

[Dialer GPRS]
Username = 1
Password = 1
Phone = *99***1#
Mode = 1
Inherits = Modem0

[Dialer Defaults]
Modem = /dev/rfcomm0
Baud = 230400
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
ISDN = 0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
Phone = *99***1#
Username = a
Password = b
8.Now run the command
Code:
# wvdial GPRS
instead of GPRS u can enter whatever dialer name u hav entered...
if u hav done evything correctly then u should get connected... if not then come back to this thread.

Internet via Mobile GPRS & USB Cable in Ubuntu 7.04 (GNOME) and Fedora 7(GNOME/ KDE)
Code:
# sudo wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf
You shd get some output like
Output:
Scanning your serial ports for a modem.

ttyS0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyS0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyS0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- and failed too at 115200, giving up.
ttyS1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyS1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyS1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- and failed too at 115200, giving up.
ttyS2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyS2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyS2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- and failed too at 115200, giving up.
ttyS3<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyS3<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyS3<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- and failed too at 115200, giving up.
WvModem<*1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 Z -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Modem Identifier: ATI -- Nokia
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 4800: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 9600: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 19200: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 38400: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 57600: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 115200: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 230400: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Speed 460800: AT -- OK
ttyACM0<*1>: Max speed is 460800; that should be safe.
ttyACM0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK

Found an USB modem on /dev/ttyACM0.
Modem configuration written to /etc/wvdial.conf.
ttyACM0<Info>: Speed 460800; init "ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0"

This means that it has found a MODEM.. and the basic wvdial.conf has been written..
Now to edit wvdial.conf
Code:
sudo gedit /etc/wvdial.conf

Enter the Dialling number, Username , Passwd etc

My wvdial.conf :


[Dialer Defaults]
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Modem Type = USB Modem
ISDN = 0
New PPPD = yes
Phone = *99#
Modem = /dev/ttyACM0
Username = b
Password = a
Baud = 460800

Now to connect

Code:
sudo wvdial
If all has gone right it shd show something like


--> WvDial: Internet dialer version 1.56
--> Cannot get information for serial port.
--> Initializing modem.
--> Sending: ATZ
ATZ
OK
--> Sending: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
OK
--> Modem initialized.
--> Sending: ATDT*99#
--> Waiting for carrier.
ATDT*99#
CONNECT
~[7f]}#@!}!} } }2}#}$@#}!}$}%\}"}&} }*} } g}%~
--> Carrier detected. Waiting for prompt.
~[7f]}#@!}!} } }2}#}$@#}!}$}%\}"}&} }*} } g}%~
--> PPP negotiation detected.
--> Starting pppd at Fri Apr 27 16:34:47 2007
--> Pid of pppd: 8094
--> Using interface ppp0
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> local IP address 10.190.237.191
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> remote IP address 10.6.6.6
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> primary DNS address 202.56.230.5
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]
--> secondary DNS address 202.56.240.5
--> pppd: p[08][06][08][08]
--> [06][08]

This means that ur connection is complete... keep that terminal window open and surf..

a graphical way for this..

1>
Quote:# hcitool scan

U will get ur Phone's mac address which u will need to substitute in the following steps

2>
Quote:# nano /etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf


Paste this substituting ur mac add.
Quote:rfcomm0 {
# Automatically bind the device at startup
bind no;

# Bluetooth address of the device
device <mac address>;

# RFCOMM channel for the connection
channel 1;

# Description of the connection
comment "Hello";
}


3>
Quote:# rfcomm bind 0 <mac address> 1

Close terminal

4>open system-config-network
System>Administration>Network

5>Click 'New'>Modem Connection
There replace "Modem Device" box with
Quote:/dev/rfcomm0

and click 'Forward'

6>Specify ur provider information like phone no, Provider name, username, password etc
and keep on clicking 'Forward' button until u click 'Apply'

7>Highlight ur provider by a click and then click on the 'Activate' Button

Internet Connection in Linux via Mobile
1.Connect the mobile via USB cable.

2. Open terminal and type su to become root.

3. It will ask for the root password, type in there.

4. Then Issue this command
Code:
wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf
Phone wud b detected as Modem

5. Then to Edit this file, open it in a Text Editor
Code is
Code:
kwrite /etc/wvdial.conf
When we issued command in point 4, it showed the address of ur phone that in which USB port it has been connected. note it down from there.
"Modem = /dev/***"

6. When Text Editor opens the file, erase everything from there and Paste the following:
Code:
[Dialer Defaults]
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0 # <-- Replace it with the reading you got
Phone = *99#
Username = aa
Password = bbc
Baud = 230400
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
ISDN = 0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
Carrier Check = No

The mOdem has been configured successfully.

To dial the internet conenction type
Code:
wvdial
If eerything goes fine it wud say that connected successfully.
Press Ctrl+C to disconnect.

install packages using apt get
u need internet

first get build essential
sudo apt-get install build-essential

then install package
sudo apt-get install <package>

to uninstall
sudo apt-get remove <name>
or sudo apt-get autoremove <name>

To mount and unmount ISOs, just follow the 'Nautilus Scripts' method under the following link:
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/mount-and-...ning-them.html

to open file/folder in terminal
sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

Installing Software in Ubuntu


The title says this is for Ubuntu Linux, but a lot of these methods are easily adaptable to other Debian-based distributions (Debian pure, Knoppix, Mepis, Xandros, Libranet, etc.). That said, you may have to do some actual adapting—most distros, for example, use su, not sudo.

Does the command-line scare you?
If so, and you're using Ubuntu (not Kubuntu), you may find this page more to your liking.

Here are the main ways to install software in order of ease (easiest to hardest):

1. apt-get/Synaptic/Adept
Ubuntu has something called apt-get, which allows you to draw from a set of online repositories (stored in the /etc/apt/sources.list file) that house packages (i.e., programs/software). You can enable extra Ubuntu repositories by following these instructions—extra repositories means more software available to install. The aptitude command does several things at once—it downloads the appropriate files, downloads all their dependencies, and installs all of them. A single command installs the software. You don't have to download a separate installer file or unzip or go through a wizard or reboot. For example, if I wanted to install Thunderbird, I'd type these commands in a terminal:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird

The first command looks both at what I have installed and what's available in the repositories. The second command downloads the packages needed for Thunderbird and installs them.

Another great thing about apt-get is the ability to install several different packages at once. For example, if I wanted to install not only Thunderbird but Firefox, GIMP, Inkscape, Juk, and Wine, I could type in these commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird firefox gimp inkscape juk wine

and all of those packages would download and install themselves.

On the Ubuntu Forums and in many of the Wiki and other guides, you'll often see instructions to sudo apt-get install some package or other. People will give you commands because it's easier than describing what to click in a graphical user interface, and you can just copy and paste the command.

However, there is a graphical version of the package manager that acts similarly to apt-get. For Ubuntu, it's Synaptic Package Manager. For Kubuntu, it's Adept Package Manager. In both, you're essentially doing the same thing. There's also a nice "browsing" environment in which you can search for packages by name and/or description. You can browse by categories of software or look at what's installed versus what's not installed. It's a lot like an ecommerce model of "shopping" for software, except you don't have to pay when you "check out." The graphical equivalent of sudo apt-get update is clicking the Reload button. The sudo apt-get install command, however, is broken into different steps. Instead of listing a bunch of applications you want to install, you mark each one for installation (or removal), and then click Apply Changes or Commit Changes and then everything's downloaded and installed (or uninstalled). Here's a guide on how to use Synaptic Package Manager (complete with screenshots), in case you need pictures to see what it's all about.

2. Manual installation of a .deb
While the Ubuntu repositories are quite extensive (especially if you add extra repositories), they don't cover everything. Sometimes (for the Opera web browser, for example), you have to install a separate file. If you must do so, then try to get ahold of a .deb file. .deb is the native file format for Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu. In fact, if you actually visit the online repositories, you'll notice that the files there are mostly stored as .deb files.

The only difference between manually installing a .deb file and using apt-get to install a .deb file is that apt-get will resolve dependencies for you (if one package needs another to be installed, aptitude will install that "pre-requisite" package). If you manually install a .deb file, you will also have to manually install its dependencies. Don't worry, though—if you try to manually install a .deb file and it has dependencies, you'll soon find out what those dependencies are.

Here's what you should do.

Download the .deb file to your desktop. For this example, let's use Opera. Now, the Opera file that's currently available for Ubuntu has a quite ugly name: opera_9.10-20061214.6-shared-qt_en_i386.deb. There are several ways to deal with this ugly name, seeing as how you have to type in the exact name of the .deb file in order to install it. You can rename it to something simpler (say, opera.deb), you can copy and paste the name, you can begin typing the name and then hit the Tab key to have the terminal autocomplete the name of the file, or you can just suck it up and retype it exactly as is. Let's assume, though, that you're going to do it the ugly way. You'd open up a terminal and type these commands:

cd Desktop
sudo dpkg -i opera_9.10-20061214.6-shared-qt_en_i386.deb

That's it... well, as long as there are no dependencies. And if you prefer pointing and clicking and if you're using Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) or newer, you can also just double-click the .deb file to install it.

3. Manual installation of a .rpm
Occasionally, for a program, you're just not able to find a .deb. There may seem to be, however, a plethora of .rpm files for the program. If you must use an .rpm (not native to Debian-based distros), then use an .rpm. It's a very similar procedure to the .deb one described above, just using a different command (one that converts the "alien" format of .rpm):

One-time deal, just to get alien:

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude install alien

Now you can actually use alien:

cd Desktop
sudo alien -i opera_9.10-20061214.6-shared-qt_en_i386.rpm

Again, no dependencies will be resolved.

4. Installing from source
Some people prefer to install from source, but I listed it last because it's what usually scares people off from Linux and makes them think "Why is it so difficult to install software in Linux?" However, it's still an option, and unfortunately it's sometimes the only option, depending on how obscure the software is you're trying to install.

The first thing you'll have to do in Ubuntu is install a meta-package called build-essential (a meta-package isn't a real package—it's a pointer that tells Synaptic/Adept/aptitude to install a bunch of other real packages):

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude install build-essential

I can't think of a program off the top of my head that I ever needed to install from source, so I'm just going to make something up—let's call it obscure-1.0. Most likely, it'll come as zipped file called obscure-1.0.tar.gz. Download this to your desktop. Then type this in a terminal:

tar -xvzf obscure-1.0.tar.gz
cd obscure-1.0
./configure
make
sudo make install

Installing from source, like the previous two methods, also does not resolve dependencies—you'll have to install those separately. The ./configure command may indeed tell you what dependencies you need but in a rather peculiar way; for example, it will often return with, say, a rather cryptic gtk not found, in spite of the fact that the user has gtk installed! In fact, what is actually missing is the gtk development files, libgtkx.y-dev. In general, when it says can't find library blah and libary blah is already installed, it usually means that it can't find the blah development files, which can almost invariably be found and installed by searching synaptic for blah dev. [Most of this paragraph was contributed by GeneralZod from the Ubuntu Forums—thanks, GeneralZod!]

There's also Checkinstall: Once checkinstall is installed, instead of typing
sudo make install
you type
sudo checkinstall -D
and the program creates a .deb file which is then installed. This makes removing any program compiled from source extremely easy. For more details see the Wiki: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CheckInstall. [Most of this paragraph was contributed by gingermark from the Ubuntu Forums—thanks, gingermark!]

Note: in both Ubuntu and Kubuntu, you can "un-tar" (or unzip) a .tar.gz graphically. I've never had to use the tar terminal command. To un-tar a .tar.gz graphically, just open it (double-click usually does this), then click on Extract.

Other .tar.gz
Those are the major ways to install software in Ubuntu. Please note that not all .tar.gz files contain source code. Some are precompiled binaries. If you come across these, please ask for help on the forums. You may also find on the Ubuntu forums some great self-installer scripts and other helper programs.

source

__________________

my blog http://namchangkorpa.wordpress.com/

namchangkorpa

Fundamentals
This course includes the history of Linux and what distinguishes Open Source Software from proprietary software. On the practical side students learn the fundamental commands and approach needed to start using Linux.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
System Administration
This courses teaches students how to install GNU/Linux. The courses uses the Debian distro as an example. Students install, create and manage user accounts, install new hardware, make backups and many other mission critical tasks a System Administrator would need to know.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
Network Administration
This course teaches the fundamentals of networking, what the TCP/IP protocol stack consists of and how the different layers of the network stack influence communication on a network. You will learn how Linux can be used as a router and the basic principles of digital encryption and digital signatures used to keep email secure. As well as how to set up secure connections between different Linux machines by using SSH.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
Shell Scripting
This course teaches students how to create shell scripts, the use of Regular expressions, file manipulation with sed, grep and awk and how to tie all this new knowledge into scripts that make using Linux so simple.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
Internals
This course is designed to help the student understand the inner workings of the Linux kernel. Often a good understanding of how the operating system manages hardware and other resources to do its work, will helps people solve problems and appreciate the work that goes into making a computer work.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
Electives
This course teaches students how to configure server serivices such as the Apache web server, the Squid Proxy server, the Bind name server ,Sendmail and Exim Mail servers are discussed. For those who want to know a little more than the average user.

Download PDF

============================== ====================
Introduction to Linux - A Hands on Guide
Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only experts can understand how a Linux system works. Though there is a lot of free documentation available, the documentation is widely scattered on the Web, and often confusing, since it is usually oriented toward experienced UNIX or Linux users. Today, thanks to the advancements in development, Linux has grown in popularity both at home and at work. The goal of this guide is to show people of all ages that Linux can be simple and fun, and used for all kinds of purposes.

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============================== ====================
Ubuntu Linux Essentials
Ubuntu Linux Essentials takes a step by step approach to installing, using and administering Ubuntu Linux.

Read Guide (Wiki)
============================== ====================
The Easiest Linux Guide You'll Ever Read - an Introduction to Linux for Windows Users
This is a 160-page book geared towards people who are competent with using Windows, who have never attempted to use Linux but are interested in giving it a try.

Download PDF
============================== ====================
Getting Started With Fedora
An Guide for a fedora newbie

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============================== ====================
Basic Steps to Running a Secure Fedora Linux Machine
This guide helps to run fedora as smooth as silk.

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============================== ====================
Pocket Linux Guide
A Guide to Pocket Linux... This is very interesting, must read!

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============================== ====================
Fedora 7 Installation Guide
Fedora 7 Installation Guide ...for dummies

Download PDF
============================== ====================
GNOME 2.14 Desktop System Administration Guide
Download PDF
============================== ====================
Linux Device Drivers 2nd Edition
Linux Device Drivers is, on the surface, a book about writing device drivers for the Linux system. It should be an interesting source of information both for people who want to experiment with their computer and for technical programmers who face the need to deal with the inner levels of a Linux box.
Download PDF (ZIP)
============================== ====================
Linux Security for Beginners
A linux security guide for dummies

Read Guide
============================== ====================
Red Hat Linux 9 Red Hat Linux Customization Guide
The Red Hat Linux Customization Guide is part of Red Hat’s growing commitment to provide useful
Download PDF
============================== ====================
The Linux Cookbook - Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use
Everyone know that Linux isn't difficult to use, especially when compared with other software and operating systems. What was needed was a guide to show people how to use it to get things done: "Oh, you want to do that? Here, type this." And that explains the premise of this book -- a hands-on guide to get things done on a Linux system.
"I tried others but none showed me how to use Linux for daily use. That is where this book excels. It's packed with information that you can actually USE!"

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Ubuntu Desktop Guide
A Official Ubuntu Desktop Guide

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RedHat Guides
x86 Installation Guide[
Getting Started Guide
Customization Guide
Reference Guide
Security Guide
System Administration Primer
Glossary

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Test Driving Linux Mint Cassandra
The final version of Linux Mint 3.0 (codename Cassandra)

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Mandriva Linux Inside
"Mandriva Linux Inside "is a free electronic magazine , made by the Mandriva Linux Community.

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The Solaris 10 Operating System
A Official Guide from SUN

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Solaris 10 Security
Information was collected from Solaris 10 Community

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LOOKING GLASS (LG3D Live CD) Gude ***** Must Read! *****
LG3D is based on Sun’s Looking Glass Project. Imagine this stunning 3D environment on your desktop—in less than two minutes. Just burn the CD and get going!

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OpenOffice.org User Guide
A basic guide to OpenOffice

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OpenOffice.org 2.x... and beyond
Fully featured Guide for 2.x and beyond.

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Fedora Linux Essentials
Fully featured Guide for 2.x and beyond.

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